Transmutation Definition and Examples

The word transmutation means something different to a scientist, particularly a physicist or chemist, compared to the ordinary usage of the term. Transmutation Definition (trÄÆ'ns†²myoÍžo-tÄ Ã¢â‚¬ ²shÉ™n) (n) Latin transmutare -- to change from one form into another.  To transmute is to change from one form or substance into another; to transform or convert. Transmutation is the act or process of transmuting. There are multiple specific definitions of transmutation, depending on the discipline. In the general sense, transmutation is any transformation from one form or species into another on.(Alchemy) Transmutation is the conversion of base elements into precious metals, such as gold or silver. The artificial production of gold, chrysopoeia, was a goal of alchemists, who sough to develop a Philosophers Stone that would be capable of the transmutation. The alchemists attempted to use chemical reactions to achieve transmutation. They were unsuccessful because nuclear reactions are required.(Chemistry) Transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element into another. Element transmutation may occur either naturally or via a synthetic route. Radioactive decay, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion are natural processes by which one element may become another. Scientists most commonly transmute elements by bombarding the nucleus of a target atom with particles, forcing the target to change its atomic number, and thus its elemental identity. Related Terms: Transmute (v), Transmutational (adj), Transmutative (adj), Transmutationist (n)Transmutation Examples The classic goal of alchemy was to turn the base metal  lead into the more valuable metal  gold. While alchemy did not achieve this goal, physicists and chemists learned how to transmute elements. For example, Glenn Seaborg made gold from bismuth in 1980. There are reports that Seaborg also  transmuted a minute quantity of lead into gold, possibly en route via bismuth. However, its much easier to transmute gold into lead:  Ã‚   197Au  Ã‚  n  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  198Au (half life  2.7 days) →  198Hg   n →  199Hg n →  200Hg n →  201Hg n →  202Hg n →  203Hg (half life 47 days) →  203Tl   n →  204Tl (half life 3.8 years) →  204Pb  (half life 1.4x1017  years) The Spallation Neutron Source has transmuted liquid mercury into gold, platinum, and iridium, using particle acceleration. Gold may be made using a nuclear reactor by irradiating mercury or platinum (producing radioactive isotopes). If mercury-196 is used as the starting isotope, slow neutron capture followed by electron capture can produce the single stable isotope, gold-197. Transmutation History The term transmutation may be traced back to the early days of alchemy. By the Middle Ages, attempts at alchemical transmutation were outlawed and alchemists Heinrich Khunrath and Michael Maier exposed fraudulent claims of chrysopoeia. In the 18th century, alchemy was largely supplanted by the science of chemistry, after Antoine Lavoisier and John Dalton proposed atomic theory. The first true observation of transmutation came in 1901, when Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford observed thorium changing into radium via radioactive decay. According to Soddy, he exclaimed, Rutherford, this is transmutation! To which Rutherford replied, For Christs sake, Soddy, dont call it  transmutation. Theyll have our heads off as alchemists!

Essay about Born to Be Wild - 1120 Words

Can you imagine keeping your dog in a small fish bowl, or keeping a person in a cage? How do you feel if you see rare animals which you may expect to see in wildlife, but you see them in someone’s backyard instead? These are similar to what people do when they keep exotic animals as their pets. Firstly, exotic pets are rare or unusual animals which are not native to the country, but kept in captivity within human households. These animals are generally considered as a wild species, and are not typically kept as pets. According to Born Free USA, a nonprofit organization dedicated in animal protection, only thirteen states ban the private ownership of exotic animals. Millions of them are still allowed to be privately possessed in the U.S†¦show more content†¦This data has shown us that average people can’t meet exotic animals’ needs in captivity. Even the best artificial environments just can’t match the space and freedom that exotic animals may hav e in their natural habitats. Eventually, owners will realize that providing these animals with high maintenance diet and housing becomes too difficult to handle. Like what Dr. Klaphake from Association of Avian Veterinarians has experienced, â€Å"In some cases, I send the owners to a pet store or other location to make the necessary changes for proper environment and diet, but often, they are overwhelmed by the cost or effort required. Many also completely ignored me† (â€Å"Exotic Animals: Appropriately Owned Pets or Inappropriately Kept Problems?†). His experience has assured us that many owners can’t keep up with the expense and commitment to take good care of these exotic animals. Most of these animals are handled inhumanely by their owners, which can be considered as cruelty to animals too. Some owners even remove these animals teeth or claws, to minimize the risk of being harmful to the owners. 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The Call of the Wild by Jack London it is a story about a dog name Buck that transformation from a pampered pet to a fierce,masterful wild,animal, and this transformation naturally means that the canine protagonist gradually separates himself from his human masters on his way to achieving a final independence. Nevertheless, The Call of the Wild ultimately offers an ambiguous,rather than negative, portrait of Buck’s

Building Maintenance free essay sample

Encarta Dictionary (2009), defines allocation as an act of giving or earmarking something to or set something aside for a purpose. It defines maintenance as work that is done regularly to keep a machine, building, or pieces of equipment in good condition and working order. It defines it further as the general condition of a facility with respect to repairs making it unchanged or unimpaired. It defines resources allocation as the act of deciding how resources such as money, assets, and personnel (labours) should be used in order to achieve a particular aim. Maintenance resources allocation is thus a very important topic describing how human and material resources are logically assigned to structural facilities such as buildings and roads with the sole aim of making such facilities retain their initial construction value. The decrease of resource allocation for building maintenance activities urges the professions to develop solutions on reducing the maintenance costs. Thus, it is vital to identify the cost characteristics and other resources requirement of preventive maintenance, includes scheduled maintenance and condition-based maintenance through literature review. The characteristics of preventive maintenance always affect the maintenance cost performance. Therefore, relationships between characteristics of preventive maintenance and maintenance cost performance must be established to understand and take into consideration, the maintenance planning stage. At the end, the significant relationship will be able to help the industry practitioners in selecting appropriate maintenance strategy with optimal maintenance expenditure, yet improving the maintenance outcome. The building maintenance costs are rising rapidly from time to time due to poor maintenance in the past. In UK, total spending on building maintenance had a dramatically increase of 66% in the past 10 years. In Malaysia, the development plan allocation for repair and maintenance works in building sector increased from RM296 million during the Eighth Malaysian Plan to RM1,079 million during the Ninth Malaysian Plan. However, the development plan allocation for repair and maintenance works in the Tenth Malaysian Plan has decreased to RM500 million. Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure that uses process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: †¢Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity †¢Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation from dilapidated facilities Building maintenance resources typically considered to be green include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, an d/or recyclable (e. . , Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete), etc. ) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects. Most building construction materials are imported to the country as there is great level of lack of confidence in our locally made materials making such materials scarce for various repair works. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States unlike Nigeria through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database. This rebate exercise minimises waste, maximises recycling thereby having a significant positive effect on maintenance works as dilapidated components are collected for reprocessing into something useful as its initial purpose. A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs dont address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit (maintain) work as well as new construction. Types and characteristics of managerial inputs from the operational level are not known. This creates barriers in agreeing on the maintenance resources, and has impacts on the efficiency and effectiveness of construction industries. From the financial perspective, most of the previous arguments of maintenance works identified are always without sufficient resources.. Previous studies seldom investigate the reasons why maintenance resources are allocated. Types of criteria for maintenance management decisions are also outstanding. It is important to investigate how the maintenance personnel justify their maintenance objectives. Moreover, studying about how PPM is connected with organisational objectives is limited. It is suggested addressing how maintenance objectives are related to maintenance strategy, which have influences on the building maintenance operation processes. Maintenance objective is one of the organisational sub-business objectives, and is dominated by the organisation strategy. Planning of maintenance objectives have impacts on the facility management operation in terms of using different maintenance strategies, which are influenced by the cost, quality and process directly and indirectly. On the contrary, whether the top management is concerned with the maintenance strategies are not known. Building maintenance objectives are the fundamental element to describe the scopes, purposes and aims of the maintenance activities, as well as the relationships with the organisational objectives. However, maintenance personnel are criticised for narrowly focusing on the technical issues. The links between building maintenance operation and organisation is an important issue and was recognised by most of the researchers for achieving organisational goals effectiveness. Investigations about how the maintenance objectives are established and the relationships between building maintenance and the business objectives are limited. It is also important to know how the relationships between the strategic level and the operational level are established. Studying alignment map between these two levels is to achieve a better planning of maintenance activities and resources allocation. However, mismatching between the two levels still exists when the basic of the links and the maintenance objectives are not known, or not clearly defined. Some organisations have not clearly defined their maintenance objectives, and are even without maintenance objectives. It is concluded that arguments of maintenance strategy, standard and resources are due to the lack of justification of building maintenance objectives. Thus, the preliminary investigation of research question can be focused on the investigation of ‘How do maintenance personnel at the operational level develop building maintenance objectives? ’ Following with this main question, it is recommended to collect the data and information about how maintenance personnel develop building maintenance objectives, and the following data and information is recommended:- †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ What are the generic building maintenance objectives? – What are the factors influencing planning of building maintenance objectives? †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ What are the reasons for the prioritisation of building maintenance objectives? †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ What are the challenges from the top management and the gaps between building maintenance objectives and organisational objectives? Understanding the relationships between the top management at the strategic level and maintenance personnel at the operational level are considered important for better man agement of building maintenance operation processes. 4. 2 RECOMMMENDATION Construction and maintenance materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture such as; minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. In the facility life-cycle process, costs are incurred in construction, operation, maintenance, and disposal of a facility. Past emphasis during the planning, design, and construction phases has been on estimating initial construction costs. The operating and maintaining shouldn’t be left out. In many cases, the operation and maintenance (OM) costs are far greater than initial construction costs. Building owners are should not majorly be concerned with the total initial construction costs of facilities rather, they should be more concerned about the life cycle costs of such structure. Maintainability is a key area where the industry needs to achieve improvements. This study identified two key factors that would enable the industry to achieve the desired improvements. Knowledge that would allow the issue of maintainability to be addressed as well as the tools to assess building performance in terms of its maintainability are indispensable and building maintenance strategy and policy in relation to maintenance resources allocation However, it is clear the different parties to the construction contract are reluctant to assume further responsibilities and liabilities which shouldn’t be so. All data regarding product or design’s maintainability should be made readily available. This would require the relevant party to invest in research and development and this create further challenge in an industry that is driven by â€Å"lowest cost† mentality. This would require clients and their advisers to make informed decisions thereby enhancing allocation of maintenance in construction industry.

One Man Can Change the World Essay Example

One Man Can Change the World Paper Our team has chosen to define the following words in the topic: one man, can, change and world. The term one man is seen as a single, individual human being; can is defined as to have the capacity to; change can be described as to influence the future course of events different to what it is or would have been if left alone, and world being the majority of humanity that live on Earth. Therefore we take the topic to mean that a single, individual human being has the capacity to influence the future course of events different to what It Is or would have been If left lone for the majority of humanity that live on Earth. We believe that this deflation Is reasonable and In the split of the topic. The split weve chosen for tonights debate Is social and political. As first speaker, I will be focusing on the bigger picture of the topic and how this affects society as a whole. Tonight, my main arguments will focus on: the humanitarian Mother Teresa, a more infamous Osama Bin Lading, and he concept of the butterfly effect. Our second speaker will look at Americas Barack Obama, Ian Frazer and the Guardrails vaccine, and Fred Hollows. Through this our team ill use Justified and recent examples to prove to you how one man can change the world. As she once said herself, Do not wait for world leaders; do it alone, person to person. This is the very idea that we, as the affirmative team, is putting to you tonight- we all have the capacity to make great change, as Mother Teresa has. This previous point shows how wonderfully a single person can change the world but with there has to be a balance of good and evil In the world, one such evil goes by the name of Osama bal Laden. We will write a custom essay sample on One Man Can Change the World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Man Can Change the World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Man Can Change the World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Im sure all of you remember that day where, crammed all wrought the news, was a report of two planes flying into the Twin Towers: many of you wouldve stared at the TV in shock thinking; no, no way Its all a hoax, its just like the War of the Worlds all over again. Then reality struck, this was all true, all these people really had died from some freak crash. Then a second plane, way too much to be a coincidence, so you think what sort of horrible person could do THIS, kill so many innocent unmans? Born in 1 957 Osama bin Laden grew up to become the leader of the worlds most notorious terrorist organization, al Qaeda, provoking the former resident of the USA to declare war on an idea itself, the simple idea of terrorism. Bin Laden was empowered with the ability to manifest peoples passion Into change and action and making the global community fear things they once did not even realism existed. Now before we go on a flight, we have that fear that maybe our destination Is death; maybe the man slating next to you has a bomb In his suitcase, the imagination can run loose on these possibilities. Osama bin Laden has also change collects perception AT Meme Eastern people, won are now Dealing increasingly prejudiced against. People are yet again Judged by their outer looks and discrimination is again in action which is ridiculous in this 21st century globalizes world. The Middle East produces some of the worlds finest sports people, thinkers and diverse cultures, to simply think that one man puts this positive image into one of global distrust and discrimination. Extremists like bin Laden, Hitler and Robert Manage have the powerful ability to change the world for the worse, undoing all the great achievements humanity itself has made with a single action. Ladies and gentlemen, a story goes like this, if a butterfly flaps its wings on one side of the world, here will be a hurricane on the other side; this describes the butterfly effect chaos theory. This is the theory that a single action, no matter how small it is, is a trigger that will lead to bigger incidences that eventually will turn from the small butterfly flap to a huge hurricane. This theory can also be applied to this debate as it only takes one persuasive person to push the first domino in the line. Both Mother Teresa and Osama bin Laden only made the world the way it is because of their reservation and beliefs; they were the catalysts who started the chain reaction. The affirmative am is saying to you that we cant Just expect to sit on our hands and let the world pass by; hoping that everything will be fine because it wont, each one of us has the power to change the world. In summary ladies and gentlemen, Eve presented to you relevant and recent examples, firstly relating to Mother Teresa and how she actively made a great change in the world we live in by helping those of ill-health and less fortunate. Showing how no matter where your origins lie, as long as you are willing to persevere and if you truly believe your cause then you can achieve those things. Secondly I gave a more sombrero example but certainly one that we can all relate to and have seen the changes of. Such a recent and influential example is one hard to forget, the aftermath of al Qaeda and ultimately Osama bin Aldens terrorist attacks still resound. There is no doubt that this event has shaped and changed the world we live in, all because of the choices of an individual. Lastly Eve shown you how the Butterfly Effect theory is one that can prove how it only takes a single man to change things forever. Using this, Eve shown how one man can change the world. Id like to hare with you a story I recently heard to end with.